CITA DEMOKRASI DAN NOMOKRASI
Negara Indonesia menganut paham kedaulatan rakyat atau democratie (democracy). Pemilik kekuasaan tertinggi dalam negara adalah rakyat.Kekuasaan yang sesungguhnya adalah berasal dari rakyat, oleh rakyat, dan untuk rakyat. Kekuasaan bahkan diidealkan diselenggarakan bersama-sama dengan rakyat. Dalam sistem konstitusional Undang-Undang Dasar, pelaksanaannya kedaulatan rakyat itu disalurkan dan diselenggarakan menurut prosedur konstitusional yang ditetapkan dalam hukum dan konstitusi (constitutional democracy). Karena itu, prinsip kedaulatan rakyat (democratie) dan kedaulatan hukum (nomocratie) hendaklah diselenggarakan secara
beriringan sebagai dua sisi dari mata uang yang sama. Untuk itu, Undang- Undang Dasar negara kita menganut pengertian bahwa Negara Republik Indonesia itu adalah Negara Hukum yang demokrasi (democratische rechtstaat) dan sekaligus adalah Negara Demokrasi yang berdasarkan atau hukum (constitutional democracy) yang tidak terpisahkan satu sama lain.
Kedaulatan rakyat (democratie) Indonesia itu diselenggarakan secara langsung dan melalui sistem perwakilan. Secara langsung, kedaulatan rakyat itu diwujudkan dalam tiga cabang kekuasaan yang tercermin dalam Majelis Permusyawaratan Rakyat yang terdiri dari Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat dan Dewan Perwakilan Daerah; presiden dan wakil presiden ; dan kekuasaan Kehakiman yang terdiri atas Mahkamah Konstitusidan Mahkamah Agung. Dalam menetukan kebijakan pokok pemerintahan dan mengatur ketentuanketentuan hukum berupa Undang-Undang dasar dan Undang-Undang (fungsi 3 Legislatif), serta dalam menjalankan fungsi pengawasan (fungsi kontrol) terhadap jalannya pemerintahan, pelembagaan kedaulatan rakyat itu disalurkan melalui sistem perwakilan. Yaitu melalui Majelis Permusyawaratan Rakyat, Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat dan Dewan Perwakilan Daerah. Di daerah-daerah propinsi dan kabupaten/kota, pelembagaan kedaulatan rakyat itu juga disalurkan melalui sistem perwakilan, yaitu melalui Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat Daerah.
Penyaluran kedaulatan rakyat secara langsung (direct democracy) dilakukan melalui pemilihan umum untuk memlih anggota lembaga perwakilan dan memilih Presiden dan Wakil presiden. Disamping itu, kedaulatan rakyat dapat pula disalurkan setipa waktu melalui pelaksanaan hak dan kebebasan berpendapat, hak atas kebebasan pers, hak atas kebebasan informasi, kebebasan pers, hak atas kebebasan berorganisasi dan berserikat serta hak hak asasi lainnya yang dijamin dalam Undang-Undang Dasar. Namun, prinsip kedaulatan rakyat yang bersifat langsung itu hendaklah dilakukan melalui saluran-saluran yang sah sesuai dengan prosedur demokrasi (procedural democracy). Sudah seharusnya lembaga perwakilan rakyat dan lembaga perwakilan daerah diberdayakan fungsinya dan pelembagaannya, sehingga dapat memperkuat sistem demokrasi yang berdasar atas hukum (demokrasi Konstitusional) dan prinsip negara hukum yang demokratis tersebut di atas. Bersamaan dengan itu, negara Indonesia juga disebut sebagai Negara Hukum (Rechtstaat), bukan Negara Kekuasaan (Machtstaat). Di dalamnya terkandung pengertian adanya pengakuan terhadap prinsip supremasi hukum dan konstitusi, dianutnya prinsip pemisahan dan pembatasan kekuasaan menurut sistem konstitusional yang diatur dalam Undang-Undang Dasar, adanya jaminan-jaminan hak asasi manusia dalam Undang-Undang dasar, adanya prinsip peradilan yang bebas dan tidak memihak yang menjamin persamaan setiap warga negara dalam hukum, serta menjamin keadilan bagi setiap orang termasuk terhadap penyalahgunaan wewenang oleh pihak yang berkuasa.
Dalam paham Negara Hukum yang demikian itu, pada hakikatnya hukum itu sendirilah yang menjadi penentu segalanya sesuai dengan prinsip nomokrasi (nomcrasy) dan doktrin ‘the Rule of Law, and not of Man’. Dalam kerangka ‘the rule of Law’ itu, diyakini adanya pengakuan bahwa hukum itu mempunyai edudukan tertinggi (supremacy of law), adanya persamaan dalam hukum dan pemerintah (equality before the law), dan berlakunya asas legalitas dalam segala bentuknya dalam kenyataan praktek (due process of law). Namun demikian, harus pula ada jaminan bahwa hukum itu sendiri dibangun dan ditegakkan menurut prinsip-prinsip demokrasi. Karena prinsip supremasi hukum dan kedaulatan hukum itu sendiri pada pokoknya berasal dari kedaulatan rakyat. Oleh sebab itu, prinsip negara hukum hendaklah dibangun dan dikembangkan menurut prinsip-prinsip demokrasi atau kedaulatan rakyat (democratische rechtsstaat).
Hukum tidak boleh dibuat, ditetapkan, ditafsirkan dan ditegakkan dengan tangan besi berdasarkan kekuasaan belaka (Machtstaat). Prinsip Negara Hukum tidak boleh ditegakkan dengan mengabaikan prinsip-prinsip demokrasi yang diatur dalam Undang-Undang Dasar. Puncak kekuasaan hukum itu diletakkan pada konstitusi yang pada hakikatnya merupakan dokumen kesepakatan tentang sistem kenegaraan tertinggi. Bahkan, dalam sistem presidensil yang dikembangkan, konstitusi itulah yang pada hakikatnya merupakan Kepala Negara Republik Indonesia yang bersifat simbolik (symbolic head of state), dengan keberadaan Mahkamah Konstitusisebagai penyangga atau ‘the guardian of the Indonesian constitution’. Ketentuan mengenai cita-cita negara hukum ini secara tegas dirumuskan dalam pasal 1 ayat (3) UUD 1945, yang menyatakan: ‘Negara Indonesia adalah Negara Hukum’, sebelum ini, rumusan naskah asli UUD 1945 tidak mencantumkan ketentuan mengenai negara hukum ini, kecuali hanya dalam penjelasan UUD 1945 yang menggunakan istilah ‘rechtsstaat’. Rumusan eksplisit bahwa Indonesia adalah negara hukum baru terdapat dalam Konstitusi Republik Indonesia Serikat tahun 1949 dan Undang-Undang Dasar Sementara Tahun 1950. Untuk mengatasi kekuarangan itulah maka dalam perubahan ketiga UUD 1945, ide negara hukum (rechtstaat atau the rule of law) itu diadopsikan secara tegas ke dalam rumusan pasal UUD, yaitu pasal 1 ayat (3) tersebut diatas. Sementara itu, ketentuan mengenai prinsip kedaulatan rakyat terdapat dalam pembukaan dan juga pada pasal 1 ayat (2). Cita-cita kedaulatan tergambar dalam pembukaan UUD 1945, terutama dalam rumusan alinea IV tentang dasar negara yang kemudian dikenal dengan sebutan Pancasila. Dalam alinea ini, cita-cita kerakyatan dirumuskan secara jelas sebagai “Kerakyatan yang dipimpin oleh hikmah kebijaksanaan dalam permusyawaratan/perwakilan”. Sedangkan dalam rumusan pasal 1 ayat (2), semangat kerakyatan itu ditegaskan dalam ketentuan yang menegaskan bahwa “kedaulatan berada di tangan rakyat dan dilaksanakan menurut Undang-Undang Dasar”.
Sumber: SEMINAR PEMBANGUNAN HUKUM NASIONAL VIII TEMA PENEGAKAN HUKUM DALAM ERA PEMBANGUNAN
BERKELANJUTAN
Blog ini berisikan, cerita-cerita Michael, baik berupa catatan perjalanan, opini-opini maupun bentuk-bentuk tulisan lainnya. Juga dalam Blog ini tidak lupa disertakan tampilan-tampilan foto, dimana melalui foto tersebut tertuang maksud si tukang foto. Sebab kadang kala melalui foto, isi cerita lebih nyata untuk dimengerti dan dihayati.As long as you are still alive, you are capable of changing and growing. You can do anything you want to do, be anything you want to be. Cheers...
Wednesday, March 9, 2011
Tuesday, March 1, 2011
Is Death Penalty Still Relevant? Who Has The Right to Take Human Life ?
Is Death Penalty Still Relevant? Who Has The Right to Take Human Life ?
Capital punishment is a barbaric remnant of an uncivilized society. It is immoral in principle, and unfair and discriminatory in practice" (American Civil Liberties Union National Office). An irrational cycle of murder that can only satisfy personal vendettas of a victim's family is the basis for the barbaric principle of the death penalty. There is no doubt that these people are guilty, so the verdict of guilt is not an issue in the debate on capital punishment it is the sentencing of these criminals that incites fury into advocates and opponents of the death penalty. Because it is constitutionally illegal, biased against lower class citizens and minorities, and economically draining, capital punishment does not have a place in the current United States penal system.
The first World Day Against the Death Penalty took place in 2003. This event was launched by the World Coalition Against the Death Penalty, which gathers international non-governmental organizations (NGOs), bar associations, unions and local governments from all over the world.
Stating “The majority of the world’s countries have chosen to abolish the death penalty . We should follow this path”, Mongolian President Tsakhia Elbegdorj has refused to sign any further orders to execute the country’s inmates. He is in full constitutional right to impose a moratorium on the measure but it will be up to the parliament in Ulaan Bator to pass a complete ban on capital punishment or rather to continue offering the punishment for their most serious crimes. This will bring us to 96 countries that have abolished the death penalty, excluding of course the four most populous nations on earth: Indonesia, the United States, India and China.
Advocates of the death penalty argue that execution is much more humane than life imprisonment because life imprisonment is cruel and causes undue suffering. They argue that execution the quickest and most efficient way to deal with criminals. However, proponents also claim that murderers and rapists do not deserve for guards to take care of them for the remainder of their lives in prison, where they are able to watch television, read and eat three meals a day. In addition, on average it takes about 9 years before the prison executes the death row inmate, so the process is neither quick nor efficient. The unreasonable statement that death by electrocution and lethal injection is the "humane" way to dispose of criminals only emphasizes the irrationality of advocates of the death penalty.
I have always been against the death penalty not on the grounds that it is barbaric or useless but on the more practical grounds that it is decided and applied by humans, flawed, error-prone and imperfect humans. And finally, this is not a discussion of ethics. I believe in democracy above all else and, indeed, four separate international polls in the last five years have confirmed that approximately 55% of those consulted were for the death penalty, so there’s that.
The Bill of Rights reserves the right of no cruel and unusual punishment. Opponents of the death penalty argue that with the current system of appeals, criminals are kept on death row for many years. They argue that it is a form of torture to keep prolonging their eminent death. The death penalty in itself is in contradiction with the eighth Amendment of the constitution. The two most popular modes of execution are lethal injection and electrocution. These forms are actually forms of torture because they are instruments to deprive someone of their right. So, how about you? Will you agree with death penalty or not…? I am not! (Michael E Sendow)
Capital punishment is a barbaric remnant of an uncivilized society. It is immoral in principle, and unfair and discriminatory in practice" (American Civil Liberties Union National Office). An irrational cycle of murder that can only satisfy personal vendettas of a victim's family is the basis for the barbaric principle of the death penalty. There is no doubt that these people are guilty, so the verdict of guilt is not an issue in the debate on capital punishment it is the sentencing of these criminals that incites fury into advocates and opponents of the death penalty. Because it is constitutionally illegal, biased against lower class citizens and minorities, and economically draining, capital punishment does not have a place in the current United States penal system.
The first World Day Against the Death Penalty took place in 2003. This event was launched by the World Coalition Against the Death Penalty, which gathers international non-governmental organizations (NGOs), bar associations, unions and local governments from all over the world.
Stating “The majority of the world’s countries have chosen to abolish the death penalty . We should follow this path”, Mongolian President Tsakhia Elbegdorj has refused to sign any further orders to execute the country’s inmates. He is in full constitutional right to impose a moratorium on the measure but it will be up to the parliament in Ulaan Bator to pass a complete ban on capital punishment or rather to continue offering the punishment for their most serious crimes. This will bring us to 96 countries that have abolished the death penalty, excluding of course the four most populous nations on earth: Indonesia, the United States, India and China.
Advocates of the death penalty argue that execution is much more humane than life imprisonment because life imprisonment is cruel and causes undue suffering. They argue that execution the quickest and most efficient way to deal with criminals. However, proponents also claim that murderers and rapists do not deserve for guards to take care of them for the remainder of their lives in prison, where they are able to watch television, read and eat three meals a day. In addition, on average it takes about 9 years before the prison executes the death row inmate, so the process is neither quick nor efficient. The unreasonable statement that death by electrocution and lethal injection is the "humane" way to dispose of criminals only emphasizes the irrationality of advocates of the death penalty.
I have always been against the death penalty not on the grounds that it is barbaric or useless but on the more practical grounds that it is decided and applied by humans, flawed, error-prone and imperfect humans. And finally, this is not a discussion of ethics. I believe in democracy above all else and, indeed, four separate international polls in the last five years have confirmed that approximately 55% of those consulted were for the death penalty, so there’s that.
The Bill of Rights reserves the right of no cruel and unusual punishment. Opponents of the death penalty argue that with the current system of appeals, criminals are kept on death row for many years. They argue that it is a form of torture to keep prolonging their eminent death. The death penalty in itself is in contradiction with the eighth Amendment of the constitution. The two most popular modes of execution are lethal injection and electrocution. These forms are actually forms of torture because they are instruments to deprive someone of their right. So, how about you? Will you agree with death penalty or not…? I am not! (Michael E Sendow)
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